CCL4 act as an important pro-inflammatory cytokine during acute and chronic inflammatory responses. CCL4 also play a role as an attractant NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes to sites of injury and inflammation. As CCL4 conducts signaling through G-protein-coupled receptor CCR5, which is a major co-receptor for M-tropic HIV strains. Thus, binding of CCL4 to CCR5 inhibits HIV entry and reduces the cell surface expression of CCR5. CCL4 has been identified as one of the major anti-HIV factors produced by CD8+ T cells.